NOTE MAKING
2. Note Making
Guidelines
• Read the passage carefully.
• Identify and underline the main ideas and important supporting details as you read.
• Make notes under Headings and Sub-Headings with correct indenting.
• Use a particular format – without overdoing it. E.g.- indented, linear form with heading &subheadings preferred.
• Notes should not be written in complete sentences-only in phrases.
• Use recognizable abbreviations wherever possible-min 4 to 6. Capitalized first letters of words-e.g. U.P.,U.S.A.,U.K.,U.S.S.R.,etc.
• Common abbreviations-Sc. (for science), Mr., Mrs., Dr., Govt., etc
• Common symbols-e.g., : \, ∴ , +ve, -ve, ® (leading to), ↑ (rising), ↓ (falling), =, etc.
• Measurements and Figures e.g., : 100′, 100”, 100 kg, 1000 mm, 100ml, etc.
• Making your own abbreviations: Keep the main sounds of the word. For example, edn. (education), progm. (programme).Retain the suffix so that later when you are going over the notes you may recall the full form of the word —e.g., ed’nal (educational), prog’ve (progressive).
• Caution-Do not get over-enthusiastic about abbreviations. You should not abbreviate every word. One abbreviation in point is enough.As a general rule, the heading should not be abbreviated. You may use abbreviations in subheadings.
• Make an abbreviation table at the end of notes.
• All examples, quotes, figurative speech should be eliminated.
• Write a summary in 80 words based on the notes made.
• Your notes should look like this:
•
• Notice that indenting, i.e., shifting from the margin has been used to clearly indicate subheadings, points and sub points. Subheadings, though separated by points occur below one another. Points and sub points too come below one another, similarly. Such use of indenting gives your notes a visual character. At a glance you can see the main idea and its aspects.
Sample:
Read the following passage : (5M)
The Mekong begins on the Tibetan Plateau and runs for more than 2,600 miles through China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam before emptying into the South China Sea. It’s
the longest river in Southeast Asia, the seventh longest in Asia, and—most important for the people who live along it—the world’s most productive inland fishery. Cambodians and Laotians catch more freshwater fish per capita than anyone else on the planet; in many places along the river, fish is a synonym for food. Grilled, fried, or boiled; wrapped in palm leaves; garnished with ant eggs; or simply mixed with rice in a wooden bowl, the more than 500 known species of Mekong fish have sustained millions of people through droughts, deluges, and even the genocidal Cambodian regime of Pol Pot. Yet the Mekong’s narrow gorges and roaring waterfalls, which frustrated 19th-century European explorers in search of a trade route from the South China Sea to western China, have long tempted dam-builders. In the 1960s the United States advocated the construction of a series of hydropower dams on the lower Mekong, hoping to develop the region’s economy and head off the rise of communism in Vietnam. The plans languished, the region descended into war, and in the 1990s China, not Southeast Asia, became the first to dam the main stem of the river. Dam construction on the lower Mekong is overseen, nominally, by the Mekong River Commission (MRC). Funded by international development agencies and by its four member nations—Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos—the commission is held together not by a legally binding treaty but by a shared interest in the river and in regional peace.
1.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations where necessary. (5M)
1.2 Make a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made. Also, suggest a suitable title. (5M)
Answer:
Title: River Mekong
1. Description of Mekong
1.1 longest in SE Asia; 7th in Asia
1.2 starts from Tibetan plateau
1.3 Length: over 2600 miles
1.4 runs: China to Vietnam
1.5 ends in S. China Sea.
2. Importance
2.1 abundant inland fishery
2.2 milns dependent on it
2.3 feeds all areas nr it
3. Building Dams
3.1 Europeans
3.1.1 mny gorges & waterfalls
3.1.2 made dams diff to build
3.1.3 cdnt link SE China to W China
3.2 Americans
3.2.1 60’s, advocated building dams on Mekong
3.2.2 help eco. & communism in Viet
3.2.3 plan failed & war hapnd.
3.2.4 later, China built 1st dam
4. Mekong today
4.1 dam building by MRC
4.2 funded by intl agencies & its members
4.3 no legal power behind comm
4.4 united by common interest for river
Key to Abbreviations
Desc
description
Milns
millions
Diff
difficult
Eco
economy
Hapnd
happened
Intl
international
Comm.
commission
Summary-Single paragraph of 80 words
The Mekong river is one of the longest in South East Asia and supports all the areas along its shore. It is abundant in freshwater fish. Though so important, it has been difficult to tame and utilize it because dams are hard to build due to its many gorges and waterfalls. U.S. advised building dams to help SE Asia’s economy and inhibit the rise of communism. The plan failed and finally China alone built the first dam. Today, the Mekong River Commission has been created to protect the river. Its member include Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. They fund it along with some international agencies. They are bound not by law but by common interest.
A2
Example:-
Read the following passage carefully:-
1
The work of the heart can never be interrupted The heart’s job is to keep oxygen rich blood flowing through the body. All the body’s cells need a constant supply of Oxygen, especially those in the brain. The brain cells like only four to five minutes after their oxygen is cut off, and death comes to th entire body.
2
The heart is a specialized muscle that serves as a pump. This pump is divided into four chambers connected by tiny doors called valves. The chambers work to keep the blood flowing round the body in a circle.
3
At the end of each circuit, veins carry the blood to the right atrium, the first of the four chambers 2/5 oxygen by then is used up and it is on its way back to the lung to pick up a fresh supply and to give up the carbon dioxide it has accumulated. From the right atrium the blood flow through the tricuspid valve into the second chamber, the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts when it is filled, pushing the blood through the pulmonary artery, which leads to the lungs – in the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen. Then it travels to the third chamber the left atrium. When this chamber is filled it forces the blood through the a valve to the left ventricle. From here it is pushed into a big blood vessel called aorta and sent round the body by way of arteries.
4
Heart disease can result from any damage to the heart muscle, the valves or the pacemaker. If the muscle is damaged, the heart is unable to pump properly. If the valves are damaged blood cannot flow normally and easily from one chamber to another, and if the pacemaker is defective, the contractions of the chambers will become un-coordinated.
5
Until the twentieth century, few doctors dared to touch the heart. In 1953 all this changed after twenty years of work, Dr. John Gibbon in the USA had developed a machine that could take over temporarily from the heart and lungs. Blood could be routed through the machine bypassing the heart so that surgeons could work inside it and see what they were doing. The era of open heart surgery had began.
6
In the operating theatre, it gives surgeons the chance to repair or replace a defective heart. Many parties have had plastic valves inserted in their hearts when their own was faulty. Many people are being kept alive with tiny battery operated pacemakers; none of these repairs could have been made without the heart – lung machine. But valuable as it is to the surgeons, the heart lung machine has certain limitations. It can be used only for a few hours at a time because its pumping gradually damages the bloods cells.
Q
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings & Sub headings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary (minimum 4). Use a format you consider suitable. Supply an appropriate title to it.
Ans:
Title:- Heart
Notes:-
i)
Function of Heart
a)
Vital for living; never stop wrkg.
b)
Supplies oxygen rich blood to diff. Parts of the body.
ii)
Structure of the heart
a)
div. 4 chambers connected by valves
b)
Blood purified in the lungs.
c)
Arteries carry pure blood to diff. Part of the body.
iii)
Heart disease – cause
a)
Weak muscles
b)
Defective valves
c)
Defective pace maker
iv)
History of open heart Surgery.
a)
1953 – Dr. Gibbon inv. Heart lung machine
b)
Blood could pass through the machine
c)
Enabled open heart surgery
d)
Limitation
(i) can be used only for a few hrs. at a time.
(ii damages flood cells.
Abbreviation used
inv.
Invented
div.
Division
chamb.
Chambers
hist.
History
hrs.
Hours
Summary:-
The heart is a vital organ of the body, which never stop working. It supplies oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body. It is divided into four chambers inter connected by valves. Blood is purified in the lungs and arteries carry it to different parts of the body. Heart disease has various cause such as weak muscles defective valves or a defective pace maker. The era of open-heart surgery began in 1953 when Dr. Gibbon developed the heart lung machine. Replacement of valves and other areas of a damaged heart is now possible.
Passage 3
Read the following passage carefully.
The great wall of china is said to be the one structure built on the earth by man on earth, which could be visible to observe on the moon. It covers a distance of 1500 miles. From the Liaotung Peninsula Westward to the last fortress in Central Asia, it crosses the northern province of china.
In the eastern section its height varies from 15 to 30 feet, and its width from about 25 feet at the bottom to 15 feet at the top, where there is a pathway wide enough for six horse– men to ride side by side protected by parapets. When the wall was first built it had about 25000 towers each 40 feet square and 40 feet high projecting from it every few hundred yards, with holes from which the defenders could shoot at attackers. There were also many watch-towers on the enemy side, outside the wall on hilltops or passes. These and the towers of the wall were used for signalling with smoke or flags by day & with fire by night.
The great Emperor Shih Huang Li joined these earlier frontier walls to form a great wall to act as boundary between China & the north and keep out the feared nomads of The Mangolian steppes. The wall was designed to strengthen the nation’s defences. Later it became in Ming times, a substitute for a strong army and state.
Construction was started in about 221 B.C. and the structure was practically completed when Shih Huang Li died in 210 B.C. The man who did most in carrying out the emperors plans was general Meng Ledn who in 221 B.C. led an expedition against the Tartars and drove them back from the Yellow River into the Steppes, and set his men to work on building the wall. They were later joined by thousands of Convicts. Year in and year out in icy winds and snow storms in winter, and in dust stroms in summer, the work went on and so many men died. The wall therefore was sometimes called the Longest Cemetery in the world. The core of the wall is earth and stone, faced with bricks and set in a stone foundation. In hilly place the design was altered; two parallel ditches were dug out of the rake, 25 feet apart and great blocks of stone were laid in the benches to a height of several feet. Along each said of these stones, baked bricks about 2 feet long were laid at right angles to the face of the wall, joined together with a white mortal so hard that no nail could be driven in to it.
Emperor Wu Ti (140-86 B.C.) resumed work on the wall and extended it to its greatest length The Emperors of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1386-1644) carried out work on the wall repairing its whole length and establishing new wall west of the yellow river. The wing dynasty, which now exists dates from the Ming.But many of the foundation are nearly 2000 years old.
Hints:-
Title China wall visible
Notes :-
1.
Description of the unique wall
(a) huge wall
(b) covers-------------
(c) width 25 fit. -------------
(d) 2500 towers --------------
2.
Reason for building
(a) bldng.------------
(b) Ming’s terms------------
3.
Stuct. of the wall
(a) foundation in stone
(b) core-------------
(c) hilly places
(i)
Two parallel--------------
(ii)
Strengthened--------------
4
Hist. of construction & development of the wall.
a) Began in ----------------------------
b) Gen. Meng tien helped --------------------
c) Emperor -----------------------
d) Emperor of Meng -------------
5
Abbreviation used/key to abbreviation: -
Struct.
structure
Dist.
distance
Ft.
feet
Wh.
which
Notes :-
1) Abbreviations (at least 04) must be part of your notes. Other wise 1 mark may be deducted.
2) Title must also be written in the beginning. It carries 1 mark.
Summary: -
The great wall of -------------- from the moon , covers ------------ miles .It had 25000 towards --------------- attackers. It is ----------------- stone faced -------------- The construction ------------------------- completed in 210 B.C. general --------------- workers & convicts --------------- extended by emperor wuti & Ming dynasty
Note :- Summary should be developed with the help of the notes .
Passage 4
Read the passage given below :
In a very short period of time the internet has had a profound impact on the way we live. Since the Internet was made operational in 1983, it has lowered both the costs of communication and the barriers to creative expression. It has challenged old business models and enabled new ones. It has provided access to information on a scale never before achievable.
It succeeded because we designed it to be flexible and open. These two features have allowed it to accommodate innovation without massive changes to its infrastructure. An open, borderless and standardized platform means that barriers to entry are low, competition is high, interoperability is assured and innovation is rapid.
The beauty of an open platform is that there are no gatekeepers. For centuries, access to and creation of information was controlled by the few. The internet has changed that --and is rapidly becoming the platform for everyone, by everyone.
Of course, it still has a way to go. Today there are only about 2.3 billion internet users, representing roughly 30% of the world's population. Much of the information that they can access online is in English, but this is changing rapidly. The technological progress of the internet has also set social change in motion. As with other enabling inventions before it, from the telegraph to television, some will worry about the effects of broader access to information -- the printing press and the rise in literacy that it effected were, after all, long seen as destabilising. Similar concerns about the internet are occasionally raised, but if we take a long view, I’m confident that its benefits far outweigh the discomforts of learning to integrate it into our lives. The internet and the world wide web are what they are because literally millions of people have made it so. It is a grand collaboration.
It would be foolish not to acknowledge that the openness of the internet has had a price. Security is an increasingly important issue and cannot be ignored. If there is an area of vital research and development for the internet, this is one of them. I am increasingly confident, however, that techniques and practices exist to make the internet safer and more secure while retaining its essentially open quality.
After working on the internet and its predecessors for over four decades, I'm more optimistic about its promise than I have ever been. We are all free to innovate on the net every day. The internet is a tool of the people, built by the people for the people and it must stay that way.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using recognizable abbreviations (minimum four) wherever necessary. Use a format you consider appropriate. Supply a suitable title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. Passage -5 Read the passage carefully and make a note. Almost all of us have suffered from a headache at some time or the other. For some a headache is a constant companion and life is a painful hell of wasted time. The most important step to cope with headaches is to identify the type of headache one is suffering from. In tension headaches (two hand headache), a feeling of a tight band around the head exits along with the pain in the neck and shoulders. It usually follows activities such as long stretches driving, typing or sitting on the desks. They are usually short lived but can also last for days or weeks. A headache is usually caused due to the spinal misalignment of the head, due to the posture. Sleeping on the stomach with the head turn to one side and bending over positions for a long time make it worse. In migraine headaches, the pains usually on one side of the head may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting irritability and bright spots of flashes of light. This headache is meant worse by activities especially bending. The throbbing pain in the head worsens by noise and light. Certain triggers for migraines may be chocolate, caffeine, smoking or MSU in certain food items. The pain may last eight to twenty four hours and there may be a hangover for two or three days. Migraines are often produced by an ‘aura’------changes in sight and sensation. There is usually a family migraine. In a headache, pain originates from the brain but from the irritated nerves of muscles, blood vessels and bones. These head pain signals to the brain which judges the degree of distress and relays it at appropriate sites. The pain sometimes may be referred to sights other than the problem areas. This is known as referred by pain and occurs due to sensation overload. Thus, though, most headache states at the base of the skull referred pain as felt typically behind the eyes. Factors causing headache are understood but it is known that a shift in the level of body hormones chemicals, certain foods and drinks and environmental stress can trigger them. If the headache troubles you often, visit the doctor, who will take a full health history relating to diet, life stresses, the type of headache, trigging factors and relief measures. You may be asked to keep a ‘headache diary’ which tells you to list – the time headache started and when it ended, emotional environmental and food and drinking factors which may contribute to it. The type and severity of pain and the medications used which provide much relief are also to be listed. This helps the doctor in determining the exact cause and type of headache and the remedy thereof.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations where necessary. (5M)
2.2 Make a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made. Also, suggest a suitable title. (5M)
Guidelines
• Read the passage carefully.
• Identify and underline the main ideas and important supporting details as you read.
• Make notes under Headings and Sub-Headings with correct indenting.
• Use a particular format – without overdoing it. E.g.- indented, linear form with heading &subheadings preferred.
• Notes should not be written in complete sentences-only in phrases.
• Use recognizable abbreviations wherever possible-min 4 to 6. Capitalized first letters of words-e.g. U.P.,U.S.A.,U.K.,U.S.S.R.,etc.
• Common abbreviations-Sc. (for science), Mr., Mrs., Dr., Govt., etc
• Common symbols-e.g., : \, ∴ , +ve, -ve, ® (leading to), ↑ (rising), ↓ (falling), =, etc.
• Measurements and Figures e.g., : 100′, 100”, 100 kg, 1000 mm, 100ml, etc.
• Making your own abbreviations: Keep the main sounds of the word. For example, edn. (education), progm. (programme).Retain the suffix so that later when you are going over the notes you may recall the full form of the word —e.g., ed’nal (educational), prog’ve (progressive).
• Caution-Do not get over-enthusiastic about abbreviations. You should not abbreviate every word. One abbreviation in point is enough.As a general rule, the heading should not be abbreviated. You may use abbreviations in subheadings.
• Make an abbreviation table at the end of notes.
• All examples, quotes, figurative speech should be eliminated.
• Write a summary in 80 words based on the notes made.
• Your notes should look like this:
•
• Notice that indenting, i.e., shifting from the margin has been used to clearly indicate subheadings, points and sub points. Subheadings, though separated by points occur below one another. Points and sub points too come below one another, similarly. Such use of indenting gives your notes a visual character. At a glance you can see the main idea and its aspects.
Sample:
Read the following passage : (5M)
The Mekong begins on the Tibetan Plateau and runs for more than 2,600 miles through China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam before emptying into the South China Sea. It’s
the longest river in Southeast Asia, the seventh longest in Asia, and—most important for the people who live along it—the world’s most productive inland fishery. Cambodians and Laotians catch more freshwater fish per capita than anyone else on the planet; in many places along the river, fish is a synonym for food. Grilled, fried, or boiled; wrapped in palm leaves; garnished with ant eggs; or simply mixed with rice in a wooden bowl, the more than 500 known species of Mekong fish have sustained millions of people through droughts, deluges, and even the genocidal Cambodian regime of Pol Pot. Yet the Mekong’s narrow gorges and roaring waterfalls, which frustrated 19th-century European explorers in search of a trade route from the South China Sea to western China, have long tempted dam-builders. In the 1960s the United States advocated the construction of a series of hydropower dams on the lower Mekong, hoping to develop the region’s economy and head off the rise of communism in Vietnam. The plans languished, the region descended into war, and in the 1990s China, not Southeast Asia, became the first to dam the main stem of the river. Dam construction on the lower Mekong is overseen, nominally, by the Mekong River Commission (MRC). Funded by international development agencies and by its four member nations—Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos—the commission is held together not by a legally binding treaty but by a shared interest in the river and in regional peace.
1.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations where necessary. (5M)
1.2 Make a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made. Also, suggest a suitable title. (5M)
Answer:
Title: River Mekong
1. Description of Mekong
1.1 longest in SE Asia; 7th in Asia
1.2 starts from Tibetan plateau
1.3 Length: over 2600 miles
1.4 runs: China to Vietnam
1.5 ends in S. China Sea.
2. Importance
2.1 abundant inland fishery
2.2 milns dependent on it
2.3 feeds all areas nr it
3. Building Dams
3.1 Europeans
3.1.1 mny gorges & waterfalls
3.1.2 made dams diff to build
3.1.3 cdnt link SE China to W China
3.2 Americans
3.2.1 60’s, advocated building dams on Mekong
3.2.2 help eco. & communism in Viet
3.2.3 plan failed & war hapnd.
3.2.4 later, China built 1st dam
4. Mekong today
4.1 dam building by MRC
4.2 funded by intl agencies & its members
4.3 no legal power behind comm
4.4 united by common interest for river
Key to Abbreviations
Desc
description
Milns
millions
Diff
difficult
Eco
economy
Hapnd
happened
Intl
international
Comm.
commission
Summary-Single paragraph of 80 words
The Mekong river is one of the longest in South East Asia and supports all the areas along its shore. It is abundant in freshwater fish. Though so important, it has been difficult to tame and utilize it because dams are hard to build due to its many gorges and waterfalls. U.S. advised building dams to help SE Asia’s economy and inhibit the rise of communism. The plan failed and finally China alone built the first dam. Today, the Mekong River Commission has been created to protect the river. Its member include Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. They fund it along with some international agencies. They are bound not by law but by common interest.
A2
Example:-
Read the following passage carefully:-
1
The work of the heart can never be interrupted The heart’s job is to keep oxygen rich blood flowing through the body. All the body’s cells need a constant supply of Oxygen, especially those in the brain. The brain cells like only four to five minutes after their oxygen is cut off, and death comes to th entire body.
2
The heart is a specialized muscle that serves as a pump. This pump is divided into four chambers connected by tiny doors called valves. The chambers work to keep the blood flowing round the body in a circle.
3
At the end of each circuit, veins carry the blood to the right atrium, the first of the four chambers 2/5 oxygen by then is used up and it is on its way back to the lung to pick up a fresh supply and to give up the carbon dioxide it has accumulated. From the right atrium the blood flow through the tricuspid valve into the second chamber, the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts when it is filled, pushing the blood through the pulmonary artery, which leads to the lungs – in the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen. Then it travels to the third chamber the left atrium. When this chamber is filled it forces the blood through the a valve to the left ventricle. From here it is pushed into a big blood vessel called aorta and sent round the body by way of arteries.
4
Heart disease can result from any damage to the heart muscle, the valves or the pacemaker. If the muscle is damaged, the heart is unable to pump properly. If the valves are damaged blood cannot flow normally and easily from one chamber to another, and if the pacemaker is defective, the contractions of the chambers will become un-coordinated.
5
Until the twentieth century, few doctors dared to touch the heart. In 1953 all this changed after twenty years of work, Dr. John Gibbon in the USA had developed a machine that could take over temporarily from the heart and lungs. Blood could be routed through the machine bypassing the heart so that surgeons could work inside it and see what they were doing. The era of open heart surgery had began.
6
In the operating theatre, it gives surgeons the chance to repair or replace a defective heart. Many parties have had plastic valves inserted in their hearts when their own was faulty. Many people are being kept alive with tiny battery operated pacemakers; none of these repairs could have been made without the heart – lung machine. But valuable as it is to the surgeons, the heart lung machine has certain limitations. It can be used only for a few hours at a time because its pumping gradually damages the bloods cells.
Q
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings & Sub headings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary (minimum 4). Use a format you consider suitable. Supply an appropriate title to it.
Ans:
Title:- Heart
Notes:-
i)
Function of Heart
a)
Vital for living; never stop wrkg.
b)
Supplies oxygen rich blood to diff. Parts of the body.
ii)
Structure of the heart
a)
div. 4 chambers connected by valves
b)
Blood purified in the lungs.
c)
Arteries carry pure blood to diff. Part of the body.
iii)
Heart disease – cause
a)
Weak muscles
b)
Defective valves
c)
Defective pace maker
iv)
History of open heart Surgery.
a)
1953 – Dr. Gibbon inv. Heart lung machine
b)
Blood could pass through the machine
c)
Enabled open heart surgery
d)
Limitation
(i) can be used only for a few hrs. at a time.
(ii damages flood cells.
Abbreviation used
inv.
Invented
div.
Division
chamb.
Chambers
hist.
History
hrs.
Hours
Summary:-
The heart is a vital organ of the body, which never stop working. It supplies oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body. It is divided into four chambers inter connected by valves. Blood is purified in the lungs and arteries carry it to different parts of the body. Heart disease has various cause such as weak muscles defective valves or a defective pace maker. The era of open-heart surgery began in 1953 when Dr. Gibbon developed the heart lung machine. Replacement of valves and other areas of a damaged heart is now possible.
Passage 3
Read the following passage carefully.
The great wall of china is said to be the one structure built on the earth by man on earth, which could be visible to observe on the moon. It covers a distance of 1500 miles. From the Liaotung Peninsula Westward to the last fortress in Central Asia, it crosses the northern province of china.
In the eastern section its height varies from 15 to 30 feet, and its width from about 25 feet at the bottom to 15 feet at the top, where there is a pathway wide enough for six horse– men to ride side by side protected by parapets. When the wall was first built it had about 25000 towers each 40 feet square and 40 feet high projecting from it every few hundred yards, with holes from which the defenders could shoot at attackers. There were also many watch-towers on the enemy side, outside the wall on hilltops or passes. These and the towers of the wall were used for signalling with smoke or flags by day & with fire by night.
The great Emperor Shih Huang Li joined these earlier frontier walls to form a great wall to act as boundary between China & the north and keep out the feared nomads of The Mangolian steppes. The wall was designed to strengthen the nation’s defences. Later it became in Ming times, a substitute for a strong army and state.
Construction was started in about 221 B.C. and the structure was practically completed when Shih Huang Li died in 210 B.C. The man who did most in carrying out the emperors plans was general Meng Ledn who in 221 B.C. led an expedition against the Tartars and drove them back from the Yellow River into the Steppes, and set his men to work on building the wall. They were later joined by thousands of Convicts. Year in and year out in icy winds and snow storms in winter, and in dust stroms in summer, the work went on and so many men died. The wall therefore was sometimes called the Longest Cemetery in the world. The core of the wall is earth and stone, faced with bricks and set in a stone foundation. In hilly place the design was altered; two parallel ditches were dug out of the rake, 25 feet apart and great blocks of stone were laid in the benches to a height of several feet. Along each said of these stones, baked bricks about 2 feet long were laid at right angles to the face of the wall, joined together with a white mortal so hard that no nail could be driven in to it.
Emperor Wu Ti (140-86 B.C.) resumed work on the wall and extended it to its greatest length The Emperors of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1386-1644) carried out work on the wall repairing its whole length and establishing new wall west of the yellow river. The wing dynasty, which now exists dates from the Ming.But many of the foundation are nearly 2000 years old.
Hints:-
Title China wall visible
Notes :-
1.
Description of the unique wall
(a) huge wall
(b) covers-------------
(c) width 25 fit. -------------
(d) 2500 towers --------------
2.
Reason for building
(a) bldng.------------
(b) Ming’s terms------------
3.
Stuct. of the wall
(a) foundation in stone
(b) core-------------
(c) hilly places
(i)
Two parallel--------------
(ii)
Strengthened--------------
4
Hist. of construction & development of the wall.
a) Began in ----------------------------
b) Gen. Meng tien helped --------------------
c) Emperor -----------------------
d) Emperor of Meng -------------
5
Abbreviation used/key to abbreviation: -
Struct.
structure
Dist.
distance
Ft.
feet
Wh.
which
Notes :-
1) Abbreviations (at least 04) must be part of your notes. Other wise 1 mark may be deducted.
2) Title must also be written in the beginning. It carries 1 mark.
Summary: -
The great wall of -------------- from the moon , covers ------------ miles .It had 25000 towards --------------- attackers. It is ----------------- stone faced -------------- The construction ------------------------- completed in 210 B.C. general --------------- workers & convicts --------------- extended by emperor wuti & Ming dynasty
Note :- Summary should be developed with the help of the notes .
Passage 4
Read the passage given below :
In a very short period of time the internet has had a profound impact on the way we live. Since the Internet was made operational in 1983, it has lowered both the costs of communication and the barriers to creative expression. It has challenged old business models and enabled new ones. It has provided access to information on a scale never before achievable.
It succeeded because we designed it to be flexible and open. These two features have allowed it to accommodate innovation without massive changes to its infrastructure. An open, borderless and standardized platform means that barriers to entry are low, competition is high, interoperability is assured and innovation is rapid.
The beauty of an open platform is that there are no gatekeepers. For centuries, access to and creation of information was controlled by the few. The internet has changed that --and is rapidly becoming the platform for everyone, by everyone.
Of course, it still has a way to go. Today there are only about 2.3 billion internet users, representing roughly 30% of the world's population. Much of the information that they can access online is in English, but this is changing rapidly. The technological progress of the internet has also set social change in motion. As with other enabling inventions before it, from the telegraph to television, some will worry about the effects of broader access to information -- the printing press and the rise in literacy that it effected were, after all, long seen as destabilising. Similar concerns about the internet are occasionally raised, but if we take a long view, I’m confident that its benefits far outweigh the discomforts of learning to integrate it into our lives. The internet and the world wide web are what they are because literally millions of people have made it so. It is a grand collaboration.
It would be foolish not to acknowledge that the openness of the internet has had a price. Security is an increasingly important issue and cannot be ignored. If there is an area of vital research and development for the internet, this is one of them. I am increasingly confident, however, that techniques and practices exist to make the internet safer and more secure while retaining its essentially open quality.
After working on the internet and its predecessors for over four decades, I'm more optimistic about its promise than I have ever been. We are all free to innovate on the net every day. The internet is a tool of the people, built by the people for the people and it must stay that way.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using recognizable abbreviations (minimum four) wherever necessary. Use a format you consider appropriate. Supply a suitable title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. Passage -5 Read the passage carefully and make a note. Almost all of us have suffered from a headache at some time or the other. For some a headache is a constant companion and life is a painful hell of wasted time. The most important step to cope with headaches is to identify the type of headache one is suffering from. In tension headaches (two hand headache), a feeling of a tight band around the head exits along with the pain in the neck and shoulders. It usually follows activities such as long stretches driving, typing or sitting on the desks. They are usually short lived but can also last for days or weeks. A headache is usually caused due to the spinal misalignment of the head, due to the posture. Sleeping on the stomach with the head turn to one side and bending over positions for a long time make it worse. In migraine headaches, the pains usually on one side of the head may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting irritability and bright spots of flashes of light. This headache is meant worse by activities especially bending. The throbbing pain in the head worsens by noise and light. Certain triggers for migraines may be chocolate, caffeine, smoking or MSU in certain food items. The pain may last eight to twenty four hours and there may be a hangover for two or three days. Migraines are often produced by an ‘aura’------changes in sight and sensation. There is usually a family migraine. In a headache, pain originates from the brain but from the irritated nerves of muscles, blood vessels and bones. These head pain signals to the brain which judges the degree of distress and relays it at appropriate sites. The pain sometimes may be referred to sights other than the problem areas. This is known as referred by pain and occurs due to sensation overload. Thus, though, most headache states at the base of the skull referred pain as felt typically behind the eyes. Factors causing headache are understood but it is known that a shift in the level of body hormones chemicals, certain foods and drinks and environmental stress can trigger them. If the headache troubles you often, visit the doctor, who will take a full health history relating to diet, life stresses, the type of headache, trigging factors and relief measures. You may be asked to keep a ‘headache diary’ which tells you to list – the time headache started and when it ended, emotional environmental and food and drinking factors which may contribute to it. The type and severity of pain and the medications used which provide much relief are also to be listed. This helps the doctor in determining the exact cause and type of headache and the remedy thereof.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations where necessary. (5M)
2.2 Make a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made. Also, suggest a suitable title. (5M)
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